Mu Ugushyingo 2023 ni bwo Guverineri wa Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda (BNR), John Rwangombwa yabwiye imitwe yombi y’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ko u Rwanda rugeze kure imyiteguro yo gutangira gukoresha ifaranga ry’igihugu ry’ikoranabuhanga rizwi nka CBDC (Central Bank Digital Currency).
Guverineri Rwangombwa yasobanuye ko inyigo ya mbere igaragaza ko ari ngombwa ko hashyirwaho CBDC yarangiye, ndetse ko igaragaza ko bifite ishingiro ndetse bishobora gukorwa.
Yavuze ko nyuma yo gukora inyigo, BNR yagiranye ibiganiro n’abantu, ibigo n’inzego zitandukanye, ibagezaho ibyagaragaye ku buryo raporo yamaze gushyikirizwa Guverinoma y’u Rwanda.
Ati “Hanyuma y’icyo, tuzatangira gukora igerageza, kureba uko bikora, ikoranabuhanga twakoresha. Ni urugendo rushobora gufata nk’igihe cy’imyaka ibiri mbere yo kugira ngo tube twatanga CBDC ngo ibe yatangira gukoreshwa.”
Icyakora nubwo u Rwanda rugeze kure uyu mushinga, abagenerwabikorwa baba Abanyarwanda n’abandi bakenera serivisi za BNR ntibarasobanukirwa neza icyo iryo faranga ari cyo, uko rizakora n’ibindi.
Nk’uko bigaragara ku rubuga rwa BNR, zimwe mu mpamvu z’ingenzi zatuma u Rwanda rukoresha CBDC, zirimo ko igihugu gishaka kudanangira ubwirinzi ku biza byagera ku rwego rw’imari bikaruzahaza, kongera udushya n’ihangana ku isoko mu rwego rw’imari.
Izi mpamvu kandi ziyongera ku zijyanye no gutanga umusanzu ku cyerekezo cy’igihugu cyo kugira ubukungu bushingiye ku buryo bwo kudakora ku mafaranga (cashless) no kunoza serivisi yo kwishyurana byambukiranya imipaka.
Icyakora nubwo inyigo zigeze kure ndetse raporo ikaba yaramaze gushyikirizwa Guverinoma y’u Rwanda, bizasaba ko BNR ikusanya ibitekerezo by’abaturage ku mpamvu zitandukanye, zirimo iyo kumenya uko bumva iri faranga-koranabuhanga n’icyo baritegerejeho, bikazafasha BNR mu gukora ubusesenguzi butomoye mu kwemeza ko ryakoreshwa.
Ni ubusesenguzi burebana n’ikoranabuhanga, amategeko n’amabwiriza, amahirwe n’ingorane birebana na CBDC.
Bizakorwa kubera ko ifaranga-koranabuhanga ry’u Rwanda rizagira ingaruka ku buryo amafaranga akoreshwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi, bityo bigasabwa ko byigwa neza kugira ngo hatazagira icyangirika.
CBDC ni ifaranga rikozwe mu ikoranabuhanga rizajya ritangwa na BNR nk’uko bikorwa ku biceri n’inoti. Rishobora gukoreshwa n’abaturage, abacuruzi cyangwa amabanki gusa.
Iri faranga rishobora gukoreshwa n’abaturage mu buryo bwa rusange, cyangwa rigakoreshwa n’amabanki gusa ibizwi nka ‘wholesale’ mu mvugo z’amabanki.
BNR igaragaza ko iri faranga rikoreshwa mu buryo rusange (Retail CBDC) ritungwa rikanakoreshwa n’abantu n’ibigo bitandukanye mu gihe iri rya Wholesale CBDC ryo rikoreshwa gusa n’amabanki.
Abenshi bacyumva iri faranga, agatima kahise gakubita ku mafaranga y’ikoranabuhanga azwi nk’ibisanishwafaranga cyangwa ‘cryptocurrency’.
Impamvu ni uko n’aya mafaranga arimo nk’aya Bitcoin na Ethereum n’andi ari ubwoko bw’amafaranga y’ikoranabuhanga, ariko atandukanye mu buryo bwinshi n’iryo BNR iteganya gukoresha.
Cryptocurrency ikoresha utumenyetso twa mudasobwa mu bikorwa byo kwishyurana ndetse ntabwo hakenerwa amafaranga afatika (cash), icyakora aya mafaranga atandukanye na CBDC, kuko atagira urwego ruzwi ruyatanga cyangwa rugenzura imikoreshereze yayo.
Ni amafaranga akoresha uburyo buhuriweho mu kubika amakuru y’ibikorwa byakozwe no gukora amafaranga mashya, hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rihezweho rya Blockchain cyangwa Web3.
CBDC izaba ari ifaranga-koranabuhanga ryemewe ritangwa kandi rikagengwa na BNR mu gihe amafaranga nka Bitcoin ari ibimenyetso koranabuhanga bitangwa n’abikorera.
Ikindi ni uko amafaranga nk’aya ya cryptocurrency, agaciro kayo gahora gahindagurika mu gihe ak’iry’u Rwanda ko kazahora ari kamwe nk’uko bimeze ku noti n’ibiceri.
CBDC ishobora kuba mu buryo bwa konti cyangwa mu buryo bw’ibimenyetso. Mu buryo bwa konti, umuntu uyitunze aba azwi, ibikorwa yayikoresheje n’umubare w’amafaranga koranabuhanga asigaranye bikabikwa n’ikigo nka banki cyangwa ikindi cy’imari kibyemerewe nk’uko konti za banki zicungwa.
Mu buryo bw’ibimenyetso ho hagomba gutangwa icyemeza ko umuntu ari nyiri CBDC, bisobanura ko uburyo bwo kubyemeza bugomba kuba buhari. Ubu buryo ntibwerekana amakuru bwite y’abakoresha CBDC, ibisa nk’uko gutunga amafaranga afatika bimeze.
Utunze CBDC yemeza ko ayitunze akoresheje umukono wo ku ikoranabuhanga, bityo akamenywa.
BNR igaragaza ko nta kindi kigo gikenerwa mu guhererekanya CBDC, ibi bikaba bimeze nko guhererekanya amafaranga afatika.
Icyakora aho amafaranga afatika atandukanira na CBDC, ni uko afatika ari inoti n’ibiceri bikorwa na BNR mu gihe CBDC ari amafaranga atangwa mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga. Ibi birumvikana ko nubwo amwe ari amafaranga afatika andi ntafatike, byose bikora kimwe.
Ikindi ni uko CBDC itandukanye n’amafaranga ari mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga azwi nka ‘e-money’, amwe abikwa mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga nko ku ikarita cyangwa telefoni.
Ku rundi ruhande, CBDC yo ni ifaranga ry’igihugu rikoze mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga, bigatandukanywa kandi n’uko aya e-money atangwa n’ibigo byabyemerewe na BNR mu gihe CBDC igatangwa na BNR gusa.
Ushobora kumva uko iri faranga-koranabuhanga ry’u Rwanda rimeze, ukibaza aho ritandukaniye n’atangwa na banki z’ubucuruzi. Itandukaniro ni uko amafaranga y’izo banki abikwa na zo, agaturuka mu nguzanyo ziha abakiliya bazo.
Aya mafaranga aba ari nk’umwenda kuri izo banki z’ubucuruzi, akagira ingorane zo kuba hari ubwo aboneka akenewe, kuko biterwa n’uko yabonetse. Ni mu gihe ifaranga rya CBDC ritangwa na BNR rikaba umwenda wayo, ndetse nta n’ingorane zo kuba ryabura ku barikoresha.
Abakomeje kwibaza niba CDBC izasimbura uburyo bwo kwishyurana busanzweho, si byo kuko BNR isobanura ko iri faranga-koranabuhanga rizuzuzanya n’uburyo busanzvwe buriho bwo kwishyurana.
Gukoresha amakarita n’irindi koranabuhanga risanzweho mu kwishyurana bizakomeza nk’ibisanzwe, ahubwo byiyongereho aka gashya.
Ikindi ni uko CBDC itazasimbura ifaranga rifatika ahubwo izakorana na ryo kimwe n’ubundi buryo bwo kwishyurana bwose busanzweho.
Icyakora nta byera ngo de, kuko nubwo iri faranga rifite akamaro, ku rundi rigira ingorane ku butajegajega bw’ifaranga n’imari.
CBDC ikoreshwa n’abaturage ‘Retail CBDC’ ishobora kugira ingaruka ku buryo urwego rw’amabanki ruteye.
Ni ingaruka zishobora no kuba ku bushobozi bwa BNR mu kuzamura ubutajegajega bw’ifaranga n’imari kuko abaturage bamwe bashobora kuvunja amafaranga babitse mu bigo by’imari, bakayashyira muri CBDC.
Icyakora inkuru nziza ni uko CBDC ishobora guhabwa imiterere yatuma ingaruka mbi zitaba kuri politiki y’ifaranga n’ubutajegajega bw’imari, byose bigakorwa mu buryo bunonosoye ndetse bukozwe neza.
Iyi ni na yo mpamvu u Rwanda ubu ruri gusesengura ingorane zaba mu bijyanye n’iri faranga rya CBDC, zirimo izo yatera ku butajegajega bw’imari na politiki y’ifaranga.
Harimo kandi ingorane zirebana n’ubunyangamugayo mu by’imari, kimwe n’umutekano mu by’ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo CBDC izakoreshwe nk’uko biteganyijwe, nta bajura bayivanzemo.
Iri faranga ryitezweho kuzana impinduka, kuko nko ku mafaranga asanzwe y’inoti n’ibiceri umuntu yayakoreshaga uko ashatse, ntihagire umenya icyo yakoze. Niba waguze ipantalo, nta muntu ubimenya uretse abo mubana, na bo bashobora kutamenya ayo wayiguze.
Kuri iyi nshuro kuri CBDC bishobora kutazakunda kuko nyine igikorwa nyirayo yayikoresheje kiba kigaragara. Icyakora birashoboka ko CBDC yagira imiterere irinda ayo makuru bitewe na politiki iriho n’ikoranabuhanga rikoreshwa.
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