Nayib Bukele, Perezida wa El Salvador w’imyaka 43, azwi cyane ku isi kubera ubuyobozi bwe butavugwaho rumwe, cyane cyane uko yashyize imbere ikoreshwa rya Bitcoin nk’ifaranga ry’igihugu. Azwi ku izina rya ‘Chivo’—bisobanura “Umunyabigwi” mu rurimi rw’abaturage ba El Salvador—Bukele afite intego yo guhindura ubukungu bw’igihugu cya Amerika yo Hagati, binyuze mu gukoresha amahame akomeye y’ubukungu, arimo no kwishingikiriza ku bubiko bwa Bitcoin.
Bukele aherutse gutangaza ko El Salvador itakiri ku mwenda mpuzamahanga kugira ngo ibone ingengo y’imari y’umwaka, igikorwa gikomeye cyane kuri iki gihugu cyigeze gusimbuza ifaranga ryacyo rya kera, colon, ifaranga ry’amadolari y’Amerika mu mwaka wa 2001. Iyi mpinduka y’ubukungu igaragazwa n’imigambi ikomeye ya Bukele, ishobora gutuma yubahwa cyangwa agawa ku rwego mpuzamahanga.
Bukele, ufite akabyiniriro ko kuba “Umunyagitugu ukomeye kandi utuje”, azwi kandi ku buryo afata ingamba zikomeye ku byaha, by’umwihariko gukubita inshuro imiryango y’amabandi n’amasendika y’ibiyobyabwenge bimaze igihe byugarije ibihugu bya Amerika y’Amajyepfo. Ubuyobozi bwe bwashyizeho ikemezo cya “leta y’ubutabazi” gihoraho, cyatumye hafatwa abantu barenga 77,000—bangana n’ikigereranyo cya 1% cy’abaturage b’igihugu.
N’ubwo ibikorwa bye byinshi byamenyekanye cyane, hari byinshi bitaramenyekana ku rugendo rwe rwinshi rw’ubuzima, kuva kuba umucuruzi kugeza ku kwinjira muri politiki yo ku ruhande rw’aba-nyiganzo (gauche) n’ibyo kumubona agera ku mwanya w’umukuru w’igihugu. Bukele yavukiye i San Salvador mu mwaka wa 1981, akaba akomoka mu muryango w’ivangamuturano ry’imyemerere. Se, Armando Bukele Kattán, yari umucuruzi w’umuyisilamu ukomoka muri Palesitina, naho nyina, Olga Ortez de Bukele, yari umukirisitu w’umugatolika.
Kwinjira muri politiki kwa Bukele byashingiye ku ntego y’umuryango we, aho yari ayoboye ibijyanye n’itumanaho mu ishyaka ry’aba-nyiganzo ryitwa Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN). Mu mwaka wa 2012, Bukele yatorewe kuyobora umujyi wa Nuevo Cuscatlán, umujyi muto uri hafi ya San Salvador, aho yakoreye ibikorwa byo kubaka imihanda n’imibereho y’abaturage, bigatuma aba umunyapolitiki ukunzwe cyane. Mu mwaka wa 2015, Bukele yabaye meya wa San Salvador, akomeza kwita ku bikorwa by’iterambere ry’umujyi n’ingamba zo kurwanya ruswa.
Yaje kwiyemeza kwiyamamariza kuyobora igihugu, nyuma yo kunanirwa no kubona ko amashyaka ya kera afatwa nkayimikirije ruswa imbere. Mu mwaka wa 2017, Bukele yirukanywe mu ishyaka rya FMLN, ashinga irye ryitwa Nuevas Ideas (Ibitekerezo Bishya), rikangurira abanyapolitiki kumenya gucunga neza umutungo no kuvugurura igihugu. Yatsindiye umwanya wa Perezida mu mwaka wa 2019, ndetse ako kanya atangiza gahunda yitwa “Territorial Control Plan” yo guhangana n’amabandi, igabanya cyane urugomo rw’ubwicanyi muri El Salvador.
N’ubwo izo ngamba zikomeye zakomeje guteza impaka, Bukele yagumanye igikundiro mu baturage ba El Salvador bashima cyane uburyo yakajije umurego mu guhangana n’ubugizi bwa nabi n’ibyaha.
Mu rwego rw’ubukungu, Bukele yafashe icyemezo gishya cyane mu mwaka wa 2021, ubwo yagize Bitcoin nk’ifaranga ryemewe mu gihugu, El Salvador ikaba ariyo yambere ku isi yatangije urwo rugendo. Iyi ngamba yari igamije kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku buryo bw’ubukungu bwa kera, gushishikariza ishoramari ryo hanze, no korohereza abaturage batagerwaho na banki kubona serivisi z’imari bakoresheje amafaranga y’ikoranabuhanga.
Iri terambere mu gukoresha Bitcoin ryagaragaje ingaruka nziza ku bukungu bw’igihugu. Leta ya El Salvador ubu ifite Bitcoin zirenga 5,700, kandi inyungu zavuyemo zakoreshejwe mu mishinga y’iterambere, harimo kubaka imihanda, amashuri, n’ibigo by’ubuvuzi. Bukele yanashyizeho gahunda yo gukoresha ingufu z’imashini z’amashyuza yavuye mu misozi ya El Salvador mu rwego rwo gutunganya Bitcoin.
N’ubwo imikorere ye idasanzwe iteza impaka, Bukele akomeje kuba umuyobozi uzwi ku ruhando mpuzamahanga, uhatiriza ubukungu bw’igihugu bwe n’icyerekezo cy’ikoranabuhanga mu kinyejana kiganjemo ikoranabuhanga.
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